Preparing for a frontend or web designing interview? This guide covers latest html and css interview questions and answers to help you succeed.
Here’s a list of the frequently asked questions with answers on the technical concept which you can expect to face during an interview.
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.
A tag is a keyword enclosed in angle brackets, like <tag>. Tags usually come in pairs, with an opening tag and a closing tag (e.g., <p> and </p>).
The <head> tag contains meta-information about the document, such as the title, links to stylesheets, and meta tags.
The <body> tag contains the content of an HTML document, such as text, images, links, and other media.
An attribute provides additional information about an element and is always included in the opening tag. Examples include href for <a> and src for <img>.
Semantic HTML uses HTML5 elements that clearly describe their meaning and purpose, such as <article>, <section>, <header>, and <footer>.
The <div> tag is a block-level container used to group other elements for styling or scripting purposes.
You insert an image using the <img> tag with the src attribute. Example:
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" decoding="async" data-src="image.jpg" alt="Description">
<ul> defines an unordered list (bulleted list), while <ol> defines an ordered list (numbered list).
You create a table using the <table> tag along with <tr> for table rows, <th> for table headers, and <td> for table data cells. Example :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Simple HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Simple HTML Table</h1>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>City</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>New York</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bob</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>Los Angeles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Charlie</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>Chicago</td>
</tr>
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You create a form using the <form> tag, with nested input elements like <input>, <textarea>, <button>, etc. Example:
<form action="submit.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="name">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>.
<iframe> is used to embed another HTML page within the current page, while <embed> is used to embed external content like multimedia.
<iframe> and <embed> tags| Feature | <iframe> | <embed> |
| Purpose | Used to embed another HTML page within the current page. | Used to embed external content such as multimedia (videos, audio) within the page. |
| HTML5 Support | Supported in HTML5. | Supported in HTML5. |
| Attributes | Allows attributes like width, height, src, name, etc. | Allows attributes like src, type, width, height, etc. |
| Content | Can contain interactive content and supports user interaction. | Embeds content directly without user interaction. |
| Use Case | Ideal for embedding web pages or content that requires interaction. | Ideal for embedding media like videos, music, or Flash content. |
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is used to style and layout web pages.
CSS can be included using an external stylesheet (<link> tag), an internal stylesheet (<style> tag), or inline styles (style attribute).
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>External Stylesheet Example</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
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</html>
/* styles.css */
h1 {
color: blue;
}
p {
font-size: 16px;
color: green;
}
<style> tag inside the <head> section of an HTML document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Internal Stylesheet Example</title><style>h1 {
color: red;
}
p {
font-size: 18px;
color: purple;
}</style></head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Inline Styles Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="color: orange;">Hello, World!</h1>
<p style="font-size: 20px; color: brown;">This is an example of using inline styles.</p> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" 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</html>
The class attribute is used to apply CSS styles to multiple elements with the same class name.
CSS selectors are patterns used to select and style HTML elements. Examples include element selectors, class selectors, and ID selectors.
The CSS Box Model describes the rectangular boxes generated for elements, consisting of margins, borders, padding, and the content area.
You create a flexbox layout by setting the display property to flex on a container element and using various flex properties on child elements.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Flexbox Layout Example</title><style>.container {
display: flex; /* Defines a flex container */
flex-direction: row; /* Aligns children in a row (default) */
justify-content: space-around; /* Distributes space evenly around children */
align-items: center; /* Centers children vertically */
height: 200px;
border: 2px solid #ccc;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.item {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
padding: 20px;
margin: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
}</style></head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="item">Item 1</div>
<div class="item">Item 2</div>
<div class="item">Item 3</div>
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You create a responsive design by using media queries, flexible grid layouts, and relative units like percentages or em/rem.
Inline elements do not start on a new line and do not accept width and height, while inline-block elements do not start on a new line but accept width and height.
CSS Grid Layout is a two-dimensional layout system that allows you to create complex grid-based layouts using rows and columns.
The position property specifies the positioning method for an element (static, relative, absolute, fixed, or sticky).
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>CSS Position Property Example</title><style>.static-box {
position: static; /* Default position; follows the normal flow of the document */
background-color: lightblue;
padding: 10px;
margin: 10px;
}
.relative-box {
position: relative; /* Positioned relative to its normal position */
top: 10px;
left: 20px;
background-color: lightgreen;
padding: 10px;
margin: 10px;
}
.absolute-box {
position: absolute; /* Positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor */
top: 50px;
left: 100px;
background-color: lightcoral;
padding: 10px;
}
.fixed-box {
position: fixed; /* Positioned relative to the viewport, stays in place on scroll */
bottom: 10px;
right: 10px;
background-color: lightgoldenrodyellow;
padding: 10px;
}
.sticky-box {
position: sticky; /* Positioned based on the user's scroll position */
top: 0;
background-color: lightpink;
padding: 10px;
margin: 10px;
}
.container {
position: relative; /* Positioned ancestor for absolute positioning */
height: 200px;
border: 2px solid #ccc;
margin-bottom: 50px;
}</style></head>
<body>
<div class="static-box">Static Position</div>
<div class="relative-box">Relative Position</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="absolute-box">Absolute Position</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed-box">Fixed Position</div>
<div class="sticky-box">Sticky Position</div>
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You use a selector to target the element and apply styles within curly braces. Example: p { color: red; }
A pseudo-class is a keyword added to selectors that specifies a special state of the selected elements,
You create animations using the @keyframes rule and applying the animation properties like animation-name and animation-duration to elements
You create a transition by specifying the transition property with the duration, property, and timing function. Example:
transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;
CSS preprocessors, like Sass or LESS, allow you to write CSS in a more dynamic way using variables, nesting, and mixins. They are used to simplify and enhance CSS code management.
A CSS variable is a custom property that can be reused throughout a document, defined using the — prefix and accessed using the var() function.
The calc() function performs calculations to determine CSS property values. Example:
width: calc(100% - 20px);
The z-index property specifies the stack order of elements. Higher z-index values are displayed in front of lower values.
To make a website mobile-friendly, use responsive design techniques such as media queries, flexible grid layouts, and ensuring touch-friendly elements.
::before and ::after pseudo-elements are used to insert content before or after the element.
::before and ::after pseudo-elements| Feature | ::before | ::after |
| Insertion Point | Content is inserted before the content of the element. | Content is inserted after the content of the element. |
| Common Use Cases | Used for adding decorative content or icons before the actual content, such as icons or quotes. | Used for adding decorative content or elements after the actual content, such as badges or additional text. |
| Styling Content | Content is styled before the main content is rendered, which can affect layout and spacing. | Content is styled after the main content is rendered, typically used for additional decorative elements. |
| Content Generation | Content is generated before the actual content, using the `content` property. | Content is generated after the actual content, using the `content` property. |
| Common CSS Properties | `content`, `position`, `display`, `margin`, `padding`, etc. | `content`, `position`, `display`, `margin`, `padding`, etc. |
Padding is the space inside the element’s border, while margin is the space outside the element’s border.
Em units are relative to the font size of the parent element, while rem units are relative to the root element’s font size.
The box-sizing property defines how the width and height of an element are calculated, either including (border-box) or excluding (content-box) padding and borders.
Centering can be achieved using various methods, such as flexbox
display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;
or absolute positioning with transforms.
position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
